【邳博大课堂】二十四节气 · 小暑

推荐 2024-08-26 11:11:19 308
<p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">小暑,是夏季的第五个节气。《说文解字》曰:“暑,热也。”《康熙字典》引《释名》曰:“暑,煮也。热如煮物也。”荷花怒放、流萤飞舞、蝉鸣阵阵,万物在此时,用热情礼赞生命的美好。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20240725/1721877064122964.jpg" title="1721876548536821.jpg" alt="1721876548536821.jpg" width="338" height="600"/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">小暑有三候。一候温风至:“温风”即“热风”,小暑时节,风都像是带着热气。正如唐代诗人元稹诗中所写:“倏忽温风至,因循小暑来。”二候蟋蟀居宇:“宇”即“屋檐”,此时蟋蟀等小昆虫跑到屋檐下、墙角下以避暑热。三候鹰始鸷(zhì):“鸷”,凶猛也。古人观察到此时老鹰会因地面炎热而飞到高空中活动和觅食。<br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">小暑的到来意味着开始进入伏天,但距离一年中最热的时节还有一些时日。此时,我国多地气温升高,雷暴频繁,潮湿多雨,利于农作物生长。对于养生来说,应以“养心守阳,防暑祛湿”为主,多吃降火消暑的汤品,避免大喜大悲等剧烈情绪波动。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">小暑习俗</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">左手扇子右手冰沙</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">扇子是古人必不可少的“夏日伴侣”。唐代诗人钱起在《避暑纳凉》写道:“木槿花开畏日长,时摇轻扇倚绳床”,描绘了一幅古人躺在绳床中轻摇蒲扇,享受微微凉风的悠闲场景。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">用冰消暑,在古代也十分常见。宋代六月初六为“天贶节”,皇帝会向臣属赐“冰麨”和“炒面”。《东京梦华录》记载,开封街市上有卖“冰雪冷元子”“冰雪凉水荔枝膏”等夏日冷饮,可谓古人自创的“冰淇淋”。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">“食新”与“晒红绿”</span></strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">在小暑节气,早先北方种的小麦、南方种的稻子都开始收割了。伴随新粮食的收获,人们会举行一系列隆重的祭祀仪式,包括祭天、祭地等,甚至还会祭祀“土地公公”。</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">除了祭祀活动,还有“食新”,即在小暑过后尝新米。农民将新割的稻谷碾成米后,做好饭供祀五谷大神和祖先,然后人人吃尝新酒等,感谢大自然的恩赐,庆祝谷物的丰收。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">“六月六,晒红绿”也是小暑的传统民俗之一。“红绿”,指的就是五颜六色的各式衣服。民谚有云:“六月六,人晒衣裳龙晒袍。”久存于箱柜中的衣服、书画在晴朗的阳光之下多晾晒,可去潮去湿,防霉防蛀。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">头伏饺子二伏面</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">俗话说“头伏饺子二伏面,三伏烙饼摊鸡蛋。”这种吃法便是为了使身体多出汗,排出体内的各种毒素。伏日吃面这一习俗至少从三国时期就已开始了。人称“傅粉何郎”的何晏“伏日食汤饼,取巾拭汗,面色皎然”,人们才知何晏肌肤洁白不是涂粉掩饰,而是自然白皙。这里的“汤饼”就是热汤面。南朝梁代宗懔《荆楚岁时记》中记载:“六月伏日进汤饼,名为辟恶。”可见,在古人看来,出汗可以驱病。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">在民间,吃藕是素有的小暑习俗。藕有清热开胃之功效,清咸丰年间已被钦定为御膳贡品。“雪藕冰桃情自适,无烦珍重碧筒尝”就是诗人乔远炳在小暑吃藕后留下的好评。<br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">在鲁南和苏北等地区,人们习惯于小暑时吃伏羊,以此滋补身体。徐州民间自古就流传着“彭城伏羊一碗汤,不用神医开药方”等歌谣。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">诗词里的小暑</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">答李滁州题庭前石竹花见寄</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">【唐】独孤及</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">殷疑曙霞染,巧类匣刀裁。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">不怕南风热,能迎小暑开。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">游蜂怜色好,思妇感年催。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">览赠添离恨,愁肠日几回。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">送魏正则擢第归江陵</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">【唐】武元衡</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">客路商山外,离筵小暑前。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">高文常独步,折桂及龆年。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">关国通秦限,波涛隔汉川。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">叨同会府选,分手倍依然。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夜&nbsp; 望</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">【宋】方回</span></strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夕阳已下月初生,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">小暑才交雨渐晴。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">南北斗杓双向直,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">乾坤卦位八方明。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">古人已往言犹在,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">末俗何为路未平。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">似觉草虫亦多事,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">为予凄楚和吟声。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏&nbsp; 日</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">【清】乔远炳</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">薰风愠解引新凉,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">小暑神清夏日长。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">断续蝉声传远树,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">呢喃燕语倚雕梁。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">眠摊薤簟千纹滑,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">座接花茵一院香。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">雪藕冰桃情自适,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">无烦珍重碧筒尝。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">邳博里的小暑</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;"><strong><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20240725/1721877065107263.jpg" title="1721876686598313.jpg" alt="1721876686598313.jpg" width="600" height="491"/></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">汉代铜香薰,现陈列于“古徐王都”展厅</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">“燕地炎蒸月,西林大道傍。上方留避暑,长日坐焚香。”暑热难耐,古人喜用焚香静心的方式来消暑。点一盘香,任青烟袅袅,香气氤氲,盘腿静坐,心境生凉。这件汉代铜香薰的炉身为镂空山形盖。焚香时,炉盘与炉盖可随意开合,香料点燃后,香气和烟雾从器盖的缝隙中散出,弥漫于室内,恰似海中仙山云雾缭绕,故又名博山炉。博山炉起源于西汉中期,蕴含着人们期望死后能够登上仙界的美好愿望,是汉代升仙思想的具体体现。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20240725/1721877065323002.jpg" title="1721876764877762.jpg" alt="1721876764877762.jpg" width="400" height="222"/></span></p><p><br/></p>