【邳博大课堂】二十四节气 · 立冬

<section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-indent: 2em; text-wrap: wrap; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">“细雨生寒未有霜，庭前木叶半青黄。”11月7日，冬天的第一个节气——立冬，如约而至。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-indent: 2em; text-wrap: wrap; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20241120/1732089713745352.jpg" title="1732089713745352.jpg" alt="1732089713745352.jpg" width="338" height="600"/></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-indent: 2em; text-wrap: wrap; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">立，建始也；冬，终也，万物收藏也。立冬，意味着生气开始闭蓄，万物进入休养、收藏状态。立冬时节，冷空气活动更加频繁，我国南北温差拉大，夏、秋、冬三季并存。除了已经入冬的西北地区、华北、东北地区等地，黄淮至江淮一带也会先后进入气象学意义上的冬天；江南等地秋意正浓，昼夜温差逐渐加大，早晚时段凉意明显；华南南部则是夏日未尽，暑气犹存。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-indent: 2em; text-wrap: wrap; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">我国古人将立冬分为三候：“一候水始冰；二候地始冻；三候雉入大水为蜃。”此时，水已经能结成冰；土地也开始冻结；野鸡一类的大鸟不再多见，海边却可以看到外壳与野鸡羽毛颜色和线条相似的大蛤。所以古人认为雉到立冬后便变成了大蛤。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-wrap: wrap; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">秋尽立冬始，美好正当时。不妨慢下来，去品味初冬不期而遇的温暖。</span></p></section></section></section><section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br/></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br/></p><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>立冬</strong></span><strong style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">习俗</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><br/></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">北郊迎冬</strong><br/></p></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br/></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><br/></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">立冬是二十四节气中的重要节气之一，从周代起便有天子在北郊迎冬的习俗。《礼记·月令》记载，在立冬之前三日，太史便报告天子，“某日立冬，盛德在水”。天子于是开始斋戒，待立冬之日，亲率三公、九卿、大夫到北郊迎冬。回转朝廷后，天子还要“赏死事，恤孤寡”。古人将四季与五行相对应，冬季属于水，水对应黑色，因此古人在冬季一切以黑色为尚。《礼记·月令》还记载，周天子从立冬开始入居玄堂左室，乘坐黑色的车子，驾黑马，竖黑旗，身穿黑色的衣服，佩戴玄玉，食用猪肉与黍米。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br/></p></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>腌藏蔬菜</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br/></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">北宋孟元老著《东京梦华录》记载：“是月立冬，前五日，西御园进冬菜。京师地寒，冬月无蔬菜，上至宫禁，下及民间，一时收藏，以充一冬食用，于是车载马驮，充塞道路。”在立冬这天，很多地方的百姓都会将新鲜蔬菜加以腌藏，以备冬日之需。除腌制外，人们还会将蔬菜放在挖好的菜窖中储存。清代李光庭《乡言解颐》中记载了立冬日人们挖菜窖储存白菜的情形：“立冬出白菜，家有隙地，掘深数尺，用横梁覆以柴土，上留门以贮菜，草帘盖之。俗以豆腐为白虎，白菜为青龙，遂曰青龙入洞。梯以出入，不冻不腐，此乡村之法也。”</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br/></p></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>补冬扫疥</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br/></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">俗话说：“立冬补冬，补嘴空”。为了增强人体抵御寒冷的能力，适应气候季节性变化，很多地方会在立冬日“补嘴”，也就是进补，做法大多是杀鸡宰羊，有的还会在肉里加入中药。除了补嘴上的虚空，还要在身体上做各种准备。南宋周密《武林旧事》曾记载立冬日里人们用各色香草伴着菊花、金银花泡水沐浴。民国胡祖德在《沪谚外编》也曾写道：“立冬日，以菊花、金银花、香草，煎汤沐浴，曰扫疥。”</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br/></p></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>吃饺子</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br/></p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">在北方，立冬之日要吃饺子，因为水饺外形似耳朵，人们认为吃了它，冬天耳朵就不受冻。此外，饺子谐音“交子”，意指立冬是秋冬之交。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br/></p></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>诗词里的</strong><strong>立冬</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><br/></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><br/></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>立&nbsp; 冬</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>【唐】李白</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">冻笔新诗懒写，寒炉美酒时温。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">醉看墨花月白，恍疑雪满前村。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>立冬日作</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>【宋】陆游</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">室小财容膝，墙低仅及肩。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">方过授衣月，又遇始裘天。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">寸积篝炉炭，铢称布被绵。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">平生师陋巷，随处一欣然。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>立&nbsp; 冬</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>【元】陆文圭</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">旱久何当雨，秋深渐入冬。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">黄花犹带露，红叶已随风。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">边思吹寒角，村歌相晚舂。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">篱门日高卧，衰懒愧无功。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>立&nbsp; 冬</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>【明】王稚登</strong></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">秋风吹尽旧庭柯，</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">黄叶丹枫客里过。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">一点禅灯半轮月，</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">今宵寒较昨宵多。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br/></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br/></p></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><strong>邳博里的</strong><strong>立冬</strong></span></p></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20241125/1732507935499463.jpg" title="1732507935499463.jpg" alt="1732507935499463.jpg" width="500" height="375"/></p><br/></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">东周铜汤鼎，现陈列于“古徐王都”展厅</span></p></section></section></section><section><section><section><p style="text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br/></p></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">鼎身直口，方唇，短直颈，鼓腹，圆肩，圆底，三蹄形足较粗矮。肩上有两耳，为圆雕立虎形状，虎身下穿有套环，肩上饰一周三角纹，内填云雷纹，肩及腹部有四道绳纹，腹部饰以三角云雷纹组成的菱形纹，底为素面。覆盘形盖，盖上以菱形图案为底纹，以两蟠螭头回首相顾而形成的环钮为中心，铸有立雕虎、鹿四组，第一、二组分别为四立虎两两相对，第三、四组分别为四虎四羊，虎与羊间隔排列立于盖的边缘。鼎肩部有铭文，底部有烟炱痕迹，说明为实用器物。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 2em; text-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">鼎最初是古时一种烹饪之器，相当于现在的锅，用以炖煮和盛放食品，后来逐渐演变为重要的礼器，成为国家和权力的象征。其实，还有一种比较少见的鼎，即汤鼎。所谓“汤”，并不是食用的汤，而是热水，汤鼎就是烧沐浴用水的器物。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br/></p>