【邳博大课堂】二十四节气 · 大暑

<p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">“大暑三秋近，林钟九夏移。”7月22日，我们迎来大暑节气。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">大暑是二十四节气中的第十二个节气，是夏季的第六个，也是最末一个节气。“暑”是炎热的意思，大暑，指炎热之极。《逸周书》有云：“土润溽暑（溽暑，指潮湿而闷热）。又五日，大雨时行”。此时高温酷热、雷暴频繁，雨量充沛，是万物狂长的时节。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20240725/1721877643243518.jpg" title="1721877473119774.jpg" alt="1721877473119774.jpg" width="337" height="600"/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">大暑三候为：“一候腐草为萤；二候土润溽暑；三候大雨时行。”每到大暑时节，由于气温偏高又有雨水，细菌容易滋生，许多枯死的植物潮湿腐化，到了夜晚，经常可以看到萤火虫在腐草败叶上飞来飞去寻找食物。另外土壤高温潮湿，很适宜水稻等喜水作物的生长。三候是说在这雨热同季的潮热天气，天空中随时都会形成雨水落下，也就是我们常说的“上蒸下煮”和“天上下开水”。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">大暑时，烈日炎炎，天气酷热，养生保健以“消暑”“祛湿””降火“”护心“为重点，谨防“情绪中暑。”</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">最后送给大家一首大暑养生歌诀，祝大家舒心度夏：</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">大暑赤日炎火烧，</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">避暑乘凉静养好，</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">苦夏散步茶薷香，</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">熏艾防蚊防感冒，</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">瓜蔬豆粥禁生凉，</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">户外湿热防暑伤。</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">大暑习俗</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">送“大暑船”</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">送“大暑船”是浙江沿海地区，特别是台州好多渔村都有的民间传统习俗，其意义是把“五圣”送出海，送暑保平安民。送“大暑船”时，伴有丰富多彩的民间文艺表演。“大暑船”完全按照旧时的三桅帆船缩小比例后建造，船内载各种祭品。活动开始后，50多名渔民轮流抬着“大暑船”在街道上行进，鼓号喧天，鞭炮齐鸣，街道两旁站满祈福人群。“大暑船”最终被运送至码头，进行一系列祈福仪式。随后，这艘“大暑船”被渔船拉出渔港，然后在大海上点燃，任其沉浮，以此祝福人们五谷丰登，生活平安健康。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">晒伏姜</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">伏姜源自中国山西、河南等地。三伏天时，人们会把生姜切片或者榨汁后与红糖搅拌在一起，装入容器中蒙上纱布，于太阳下晾晒，待充分融合后食用，对老寒胃，伤风咳嗽等有奇效。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">喝伏茶</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">伏茶，顾名思义，是三伏天喝的茶。温州地区供应伏茶的时间一般从农历六月初到八月末。这种由金银花、夏枯草、甘草等十多味中草药煮成的茶水，有清凉祛暑的作用。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">烧伏香</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">大暑节气气温高，农作物生长快，旱涝风灾也较为频繁，抢收抢种、抗旱排涝防台和田间管理等任务很重。因此百姓烧香祈福，祈求风调雨顺，五谷丰登。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">吃仙草</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">福建、广东、台湾等地区有在大暑前后有吃仙草消暑解毒的习俗。仙草又名凉粉草、仙人草，唇形科仙草属草本植物，是重要的药食两用植物资源。由于其神奇的消暑功效，被誉为“仙草”。茎叶晒干后可以做成烧仙草，是一种消暑的甜品。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">诗词里的大暑</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">毒热寄简崔评事十六弟·节录</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">【唐】杜甫</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">大暑运金气，荆扬不知秋。<br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">林下有塌翼，水中无行舟。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">开襟仰内第，执热露白头。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">束带负芒刺，接居成阻修。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">何当清霜飞，会子临江楼。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">萤</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">【唐】徐夤</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">月坠西楼夜影空，</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">透帘穿幕达房栊。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">流光堪在珠玑列，</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">为火不生榆柳中。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">一一照通黄卷字，</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">轻轻化出绿芜丛。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">欲知应候何时节，</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">六月初迎大暑风。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">大&nbsp; 暑&nbsp;</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">【宋】曾几</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">赤日几时过，清风无处寻。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">经书聊枕籍，瓜李漫浮沈。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">兰若静复静，茅茨深又深。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">炎蒸乃如许，那更惜分阴。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">大暑道中</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">【宋】 彭汝砺</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">高堂卧清风，顾我岂不欲。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">王事不可缓，驱车冒炎酷。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">赤日暴形骸，毛发几焦秃。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">义命有固然，勤劳不为辱。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">邳博里的大暑</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;"><strong><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20240725/1721877643928378.jpg" title="1721877570851771.jpg" alt="1721877570851771.jpg" width="500" height="445"/></strong></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">宋三彩陶灯，现陈列于“长河流韵”展厅</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">日光、月光、星光、萤光……利用大自然现成的光源来实现照明，这是祖先们最早采用的照明方式。人类学会用火之后，灯具应运而生。从火把到各式各样的陶灯、铜灯、瓷灯……点点灯光为古人照亮了黑暗，也营造出“月黑见渔灯，孤光一点萤”的绝美意境。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">这件宋三彩陶灯外形为狮子造型，背驮莲花灯，底座为长方形，间施黄绿色釉，采用与唐三彩一脉相承的技艺，设色典雅，充满宋代审美意趣，不仅体现出三彩技艺的传承，更凸显了宋代工匠高超的绘画和雕刻水平。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20240725/1721877643546619.jpg" title="1721877592437418.jpg" alt="1721877592437418.jpg" width="400" height="222"/></span></p><p><br/></p>