【邳博大课堂】二十四节气 · 夏至

推荐 2024-06-21 10:04:10 286
<p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏至,是夏季的第四个节气。此时,太阳直射北回归线,北回归线及附近地区在正午时分会出现“立竿无影”的奇景。夏至过后,太阳直射点开始从北回归线向南移动。</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">清《恪遵宪度抄本》有云:“日北至,日长之至,日影短至,故曰夏至。”古人认为夏至意味阳极之至,阴气始生,是一年中阴阳转换的重要时机,谓之“夏至一阴生”。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20240626/1719367498859877.jpg" title="1719288613221226.jpg" alt="1719288613221226.jpg" width="394" height="700"/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏至是最早确立的节气之一,也是创立二十四节气体系的始点性节气。夏至的发现,缘于古老的天文观测。至迟在殷商时期,中国古人已经能够通过“圭表测日”的方法确定夏至和冬至了。可以说,夏至的发现真正开启了中国人创制、发明二十四节气的过程。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏至分三候:一候鹿角解。古人认为,鹿喜阳,鹿角朝前而生,夏至日阴气生而阳气开始衰竭,所以鹿角开始脱落。二候蝉始鸣。蝉在夏至后开始鼓翼而鸣。三候半夏生。喜阴的药草半夏开始生长。<br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏为大,至为极,万物到此时壮大繁茂到极点。从夏至起,经过三个“庚日”,便进入一年中最热的“三伏天”。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏至习俗</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">祭神祀祖</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏至既是二十四节气之一,也是古代的重大节日之一,又称“夏节”“夏至节”。官家和民间都有夏至祭祖的习俗,以感谢神灵、祖先庇佑,祈求灾消年丰。古人每逢夏至还有一项休假“福利”,直至清代,夏至日仍放假一天。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">吃面尝新</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">我国民间素来有“冬至饺子夏至面”的说法。夏至时,新麦已收割,所以夏至吃面也有“尝新”之意。民谚说:“吃了夏至面,一天短一线。”一些地区也有夏至吃馄饨、食粽子的习俗。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">消夏避伏</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">古人有“歇夏”假期,北宋庞元英《文昌杂录》中写道:“夏至之日始,百官放假三天。”此时,妇女们互相赠送折扇、粉脂等物。富贵人家也于夏至日后拿出“冬藏夏用”的冰来消夏避伏。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">诗词里的夏至</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">咏廿四气诗 · 夏至五月中</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">【唐】元稹</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">处处闻蝉响,须知五月中。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">龙潜渌水穴,火助太阳宫。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">过雨频飞电,行云屡带虹。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">蕤宾移去后,二气各西东。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏至日衡阳郡斋书怀</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">【唐】令狐楚</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">一来江城守,七见江月圆。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">齿发将七十,乡关越三千。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">褰帷罕游观,闭阁多沉眠。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">新节还复至,故交尽相捐。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">何时羾阊阖,上诉高高天。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏&nbsp; 至</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">【宋】范成大</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">石鼎声中朝暮,纸窗影下寒温。<br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">逾年不与庙祭,敢云孝子慈孙。&nbsp;</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">永遇乐 · 夏至</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">【宋】史浩</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">符箓玉搔头,艾虎青丝鬓。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">一曲清歌倒酒莲,尚有香蒲晕。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">角簟碧纱厨,挥扇消烦闷。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">唯有先生心地凉,不怕炎曦近。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">邳博里的夏至</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">仲夏时节,“荷”色生香,是赏荷的最佳时节。中国人喜荷爱荷,除了留下大量关于荷花的诗句外,还通过寄情于物的表达方式,把对荷花的感情融入到器物之中。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20240626/1719367499380565.jpg" title="1719288686507775.jpg" alt="1719288686507775.jpg" width="600" height="450"/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20240626/1719367499604093.jpg" title="1719288709765234.jpg" alt="1719288709765234.jpg" width="600" height="450"/></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">清琉璃黄瓷碗,现陈列于“长河流韵”展厅</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 2em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">这件清代琉璃黄瓷碗为撇口、深腹、圈足,碗口似七瓣莲花相连而成,内壁光素无纹,外壁刻梅、荷、菊等七组浮雕花篮纹。通体施黄釉,釉色纯正明艳,釉面滋润匀净,尤显华贵。</span></p><p><br/></p>