【邳博大课堂】二十四节气 · 夏至
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2023-06-21 10:01:55
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<p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">处处闻蝉响,须知五月中。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">在蝉鸣荷香中,我们迎来了夏季的第四个节气——夏至。夏为大,至为极,万物到此壮大繁茂到极点。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏至是最早确立的节气之一,也是创立二十四节气体系的始点性节气。古人通过“圭表测日”的方法首先确定了夏至和冬至。由此开始了从“两至”“两分”,到“四时八节”,再到完整的“二十四节气”的过程。可以说,从夏至的发现,开启了中国人创制、发明二十四节气的过程。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏至这天,太阳直射地面的位置到达一年的最北端,是北半球一年之中白昼最长的一天。北回归线附近地区会出现短暂的“立竿无影”奇景。古人认为夏至意味阳极之至,阴气始生,是一年中阴阳转换的重要时机,谓之“夏至一阴生”。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏至有三候:初候鹿角解,二候蜩(tiáo)始鸣,三候半夏生。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏至之日“鹿角解”。鹿是山兽,属阳,角向前;麋,形大,属阴,角向后。夏至一阴生,感阴气而鹿角退;冬至一阳生,麋感阳气而麋角退。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">后五日“蜩始鸣”。古时楚称蜩(tiáo),秦晋称蝉。蜩即夏蝉,黑且大,叫声清亮,俗称“知了”。夏至后,草木渐渐变得阴湿,适合蝉的生存,自然就开始活动了。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">再五日“半夏生”。蝉声渐多的时候,一些喜阴的灌木和蕨类植物,受到热气熏蒸而死亡或者“沉睡”,但在背阴的湿地,半夏等植物反而会开始萌芽,这便是“半夏生”。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏至后不久便会进入一年中最热的三伏天。饮食上宜清淡,以清补、健脾为原则,可适当多吃些苦味食物;作息上可稍晚睡一些,早起一点,以顺应自然界阳盛阴伏的变化;情绪上应重视心神调养,戒躁戒怒,保持心情顺畅、积极乐观。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">愿所有美好如夏而至。<br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20230801/1690855731725499.jpg" title="1690855538431393.jpg" alt="640 (3).jpg" width="454" height="646"/></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏至</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">习俗</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">夏至和冬至一样,是我国民间重要的节日,古时称“夏节”“夏至节”。据宋《文昌杂录》记载,宋代官员从夏至这天起放假3天回家休息,名曰歇夏,算是古代的高温假福利了。</span><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">祭神祀祖</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏至素有祭拜先祖、祈福美好的习俗。《周礼·春官》有云:“以夏日至,致地方物魈。”夏至祭神,意在清除荒年、饥饿和死亡。汉代以后,夏至日祭祀为祈求五谷丰登,粮仓充实。因为在古人看来,夏至不仅是一个节气,更是阴阳升降,天道循环的转折点。<br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">吃夏至面<br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">老话说:“冬至饺子夏至面。”夏至新麦已收获,人们尽兴吃面,有尝新之意,既解馋享口福,也是盛夏的便捷饭食。南方有阳春面、干汤面、麻油凉拌面等,北方则有打卤面、捞面、炸酱面、冷面等。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">消夏避伏</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">从周朝开始,皇家王室都会在夏至后拿出冬季储存的冰消夏避伏。而据《酉阳杂俎礼异》记载:“夏至日,进扇及粉脂囊,皆有辞。”也就是说,妇女们通常互赠折扇、脂粉等物品,以助散体热,防生痱子。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">放荷灯</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">放荷灯的习俗由皇家祭祀脱胎而来,主要是为了表达对逝去亲人的怀念,为活着的人祈福。千百盏河灯在夏至夜晚被人们释放到河中,闪闪烁烁就像散落到人间的点点星光,观赏性很强。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">诗词中的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">夏至</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">《和梦得夏至忆苏州呈卢宾客》</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"> 唐·白居易</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">忆在苏州日,常谙夏至筵。<br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">粽香筒竹嫩,炙脆子鹅鲜。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">水国多台榭,吴风尚管弦。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">每家皆有酒,无处不过船。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">交印君相次,褰帷我在前。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">此乡俱老矣,东望共依然。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">洛下麦秋月,江南梅雨天。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">齐云楼上事,已上十三年。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">《夏至避暑北池》 </span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">唐·韦应物</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">昼晷已云极,宵漏自此长。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">未及施政教,所忧变炎凉。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">公门日多暇,是月农稍忙。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">高居念田里,苦热安可当。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">亭午息群物,独游爱方塘。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">门闭阴寂寂,城高树苍苍。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">绿筠尚含粉,圆荷始散芳。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">于焉洒烦抱,可以对华觞。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">《和昌英叔夏至喜雨》 </span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">宋·杨万里</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">清酣暑雨不缘求,</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">犹似梅黄麦欲秋。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">去岁如今禾半死,</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">吾曹遍祷汗交流。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">此生未用愠三已,</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">一饱便应哦四休。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">花外绿畦深没鹤,</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">来看莫惜下邳侯。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">《夏日杂兴(四首)》 </span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">明·刘基</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">夏至阴生景渐催,<br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">百年已半亦堪哀。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">葺鳞不入龙螭梦,</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">铩羽何劳燕雀猜。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">雨砌蝉花粘碧草,</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">风檐萤火出苍苔。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">细观景物宜消遣,</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">寥落兼无浊酒杯。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">邳博里的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">夏至</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20230801/1690855731194029.jpg" title="1690855631543620.jpg" alt="640 (4).jpg" width="483" height="490"/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">铜熏 现陈列于邳州市博物馆“西晋遗珍”展厅</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">邳州市新河镇煎药庙西晋墓地出土。直径 13.4厘米、通高 14.1厘米,生活用品。圆球形熏盒,上有半球形盖,盖顶有钮,一侧有钮与盒体相连,盒下有亚腰形圆柱与底部承盘相连。承盘侈口,平沿,圆唇,斜腹,底有三钉状足。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">燃香、熏香是我国古代非常流行的一种活动,一般在奉祀神明、祭拜逝者、驱除野兽、清洁环境时使用。夏天出汗多,且蚊虫滋生,易生瘙痒和异味,这是“熏衣剃面,傅粉施朱”的魏晋南北朝门阀士族们所不能容忍的,因而各种小巧精美、玲珑剔透的香熏应运而生,熏衣习俗非常普遍,稀有的香料更成为贵族豪门间竞奢斗富的工具。《晋书·王敦传》记载:东晋巨富石崇“以奢豪矜物,厕上常有十余婢侍列,皆有容色,置甲煎粉、沈香汁,有如厕者,皆易新衣而出”。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20230801/1690855731941719.jpg" title="1690855675109774.jpg" alt="640 (5).jpg" width="575" height="563"/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">青瓷扁壶 现陈列于邳州市博物馆“西晋遗珍”展厅</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">邳州市新河镇煎药庙西晋墓地出土。口径7.2厘米、高28.6厘米,盛酒器、盛水器。通体施青釉,小口,圆唇,束颈,扁弧腹,腹前后各贴塑一铺首衔环,腹两侧上、下各有一对称桥形系,肩部左右、下腹左右各有一系,圈足。肩、腹、圈足饰联珠纹。整个扁壶形体浑厚,釉色滋润,装饰精细,制作精湛,具有较高的历史、艺术价值。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">扁壶的称谓始于南朝宋,北宋《博古图》解释说:“形制特扁,故因其形而名之”。扁壶通常穿绳提拿或携带,造型大概从游牧民族盛水的皮囊演变而来,可以说是华夏民族和北方游牧民族物质文化交流的历史见证。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">扫描下方二维码,赶快来参加“夏至”节气在线答题吧!</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20230801/1690855732380784.png" title="1690855707137215.png" alt="640.png"/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">上期”芒种“问答答案:B、B、D</span></p><p><br/></p>