【邳博大课堂】二十四节气 · 立冬
2023-03-07 09:26:07
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<p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"> 立冬是二十四节气的第十九个节气,也是冬季的第一个节气。自此,我国北方大部分地区拉开冰雪世界的序幕,进入一年里的最寒冷季节。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">古人将立冬分为“三候”:一候水始冰;二候地始冻;三候雉入大水为蜃。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">水始冰:立冬之日“水始冰”,冰寒于水,所以是水与冻的结合,冬寒水结,是为伏阴。孟冬始冰,仲冬冰壮,季冬冰盛。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">地始冻:立冬后五日“地始冻”,冰壮曰“冻”,地冻为凝结,“蔼蔼野浮阳,晖晖水披冻”。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"> 雉入大水为蜃:再五日“雉入大水为蜃”,与“雀入大水为蛤”对应,蜃是大蛤,古人认为,海市蜃楼便是蜃吐气而成。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20230307/1678152413983722.jpg" title="1667789906123260.jpg" alt="立冬_副本.jpg"/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">古代人对“立”的理解和现代一样,是建立、开始的意思</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">,但“冬”字还有另一层意思</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">。《月令七十二候集解》中的解释是:“冬,终也,万物收藏也”,意思是说秋季作物全部收晒完毕,收入仓库,动物们也已藏起来准备冬眠。立冬不仅仅代表着冬天的来临,也有万物收藏、规避寒冷的意思。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">农民朋友对这个节气也很重视。</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">立冬之后,我国大部分地区的农事相对进入闲期。“麦子过冬壅遍灰,赛过冷天盖棉被”,勤快的人家会给冬小麦浇上一层泥浆或撒些羊圈灰、草木灰。“立冬前犁金,立冬后犁银,立春后犁铁”“冬天耕地好处多,除虫晒垡蓄</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">雨雪”……这些农谚告诉我们立冬时耕地的重要性。“做田只惊立冬风,做人只惊老来穷”,如果立冬那天刮风,被认为是不利农事的;而“立冬见雪”,则通常是“五谷丰登”的预兆。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">立冬习俗</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">天子迎冬</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">立冬与立春、立夏、立秋合称四立,在古代社会是个重要的节日。古人在立冬这一天有迎冬之礼、贺冬之俗,对于皇家来说,迎冬当然更加注重仪式感。立冬日,皇帝亲率三公九卿大夫,身</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">着黑衣,所乘车辇装饰也都是黑色的,来到北郊举行祭祀仪式,迎接冬日到来。郊迎回来后,皇帝还要赐群臣冬衣,褒奖表彰那些为国捐躯的英烈们,慰问抚恤其亲属和孤寡之人,以鼓励民众抵御外敌或贼寇的侵袭与掠夺。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">民间贺冬</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">农耕社会,劳动了一年的人们利用立冬这一天休息一下,顺便犒赏一家人一年来的辛苦。贺冬亦称“拜冬”,在汉代即有此俗。宋代每逢此日,人们更换新衣,庆贺往来,一如过年。民国以来,贺冬的传统风俗似有简化的趋势,但有些活动逐渐固定下来,如办冬学、拜师活动等都在冬季举行。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">立冬补冬</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">立冬后,草木凋零,蛰虫休眠,万物活动趋向停歇。人类虽没有冬眠,但却有“立冬补冬”的说法。在我国南方,立冬时人们会吃些驱寒、热量较高的食物来补充营养,炖煮补充能量的汤水,搭配进食一些温补的食物。在北方,人们要吃饺子来庆祝立冬。因为水饺外形似耳朵,人们认为吃了饺子,冬天耳朵就不受冻。在清代宫廷,立冬的规矩是吃涮羊肉,后来民间也热衷此道。铜锅炭火,汤底澄清,只需加入姜片、葱段等,便为大鲜。<br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">冬酿酒</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">立冬时节,正是高粱、稻谷等酿酒原料晒干入库之时,因此也是酿酒的大好时节。《诗经》说:“八月剥枣,十月获稻。为此春酒,以介眉寿。”意思是说,十月收割了稻谷,用此在立冬酿酒,到春天才能饮用,用春酒来求长寿。陆游有 “十月可酿酒,六月可作酱”的诗句,用五谷杂粮发酵酿出的酒,纯净透明、醇馥幽郁、绵甜甘爽。顾禄在《清嘉录》中记载,立冬过后,乡村田园人家会用草药酿酒,称为“冬酿酒”,有秋露白、杜茅柴、靠璧清、竹叶青、十月白等品种。清代文人蔡云的《吴歙百绝》中有诗云:“冬酿名高十月白,请看柴帚挂当檐。一时佐酒论风味,不爱团脐只爱尖。”</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">诗词里的立冬</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">立冬之日举行祭祀仪式,自然离不开美酒,人们往往温上一壶新酿的美酒,约上至交好友,围炉而坐,把酒叙谈,迎接冬天的到来。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">立 冬</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">【唐】李白</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">冻笔新诗懒写,寒炉美酒时温。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">醉看墨花月白,恍疑雪满前村。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">初冬月夜得皇甫泽州手札并诗数篇因遣报书偶</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">【唐】白居易</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">清泠玉韵两三章,落泊银钩七八行。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">心逐报书悬雁足,梦寻来路绕羊肠。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">水南地空多明月,山北天寒足早霜。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">最恨泼醅新熟酒,迎冬不得共君尝。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-size: 19px; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">立冬夜舟中作</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">【南宋】范成大</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">人逐年华老,寒随雨意増。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">山头望樵火,水底见渔灯。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">浪影生千叠,沙痕没几稜。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">峨眉欲还观,须待到晨兴。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em;"><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0.67em; margin-bottom: 0.67em; white-space: normal; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); padding: 0px 5px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">立 冬</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">【明】王稚登 </span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">秋风吹尽旧庭柯,黄叶丹枫客里过。<br/>一点禅灯半轮月,今宵寒较昨宵多。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em;"><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">邳博里的立冬</span></strong></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em;"><br/></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20230307/1678152413241398.jpg" title="1667370867383413.jpg" alt="青铜爵.jpg"/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">西周饕餮纹铜爵,现陈列于邳州市博物馆“古徐王都”展厅</span></p><p style="white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;">长流,尖尾,流后有二立柱,伞行柱头,底,三锥状足,腹饰云雷纹。爵是一种酒器,通常与觚配套使用,在举行仪式需要饮酒时,如果需要温酒而饮,则用爵,不需温热而饮用时,则用觚。《考工记》云:“梓人为饮器,勺一升,爵二升,觚三升。”在古代天子分封诸侯时,往往会赐给受封者一个爵。再后来“爵”就成了“爵位”的简称,“加官进爵”也就由此而来。因此,爵只有地位尊贵的人才能使用。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20230307/1678152414216528.jpg" title="1667372742964471.jpg" alt="青铜111(附件)副本_副本.jpg"/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">东周青铜钮钟,现陈列于邳州市博物馆“古徐王都”展厅</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); text-align: justify;">我国向来有立冬祭祀祖先、神明,祈求丰收的习俗,而一向重视礼教的皇室对此更是尤为重视。</span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); text-align: justify;">在中国传统礼教的祭祀仪式中,礼乐是必不可少的,用于宫廷祭祀奏乐的乐器则往往种类更加繁多,制作更加精良,音色更为纯正。其中编钟作为国之礼乐重器,是古代上层社会用于宗庙祭祀或宴飨宾客时的大型古铜打击乐器,亦是等级和权力的象征。</span></span><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-align: justify;">这套编钟出自九女墩三号墓,总共19枚,包括4枚甬钟、6枚镈钟和9枚钮钟,最重的一枚甬钟重达29.7公斤,最轻的一枚钮钟仅重0.71公斤。其中,9枚钮钟形制,纹饰基本相同,大小依次成编,长方形纽,铣棱基本齐直,于口弧曲,素纽,舞,篆间均饰夔龙纹,鼓部饰交龙纹,两两相对,龙身以雷纹衬地,枚作螺旋状,钲部和铣间有铭文,行款略有差异,每件铭文有不同程度残泐,合之可知其内容:唯正月初吉丁(亥),徐王之孙( )( )乍择其吉金,铸其和锺,以享以孝,用蕲眉(寿),子子孙孙,永保用之。为调节音准在锤的内腔和于口,鼓部内面,铣角均有不同程度的磨锉痕迹。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="color: rgb(64, 64, 64); font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-align: justify;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; line-height: 1.75em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20230307/1678152415843579.jpg" title="1667371647243129.jpg" alt="青铜129副本_副本.jpg"/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;">新莽尚方四神博局铜镜,现陈列于邳州市博物馆“长河流韵”展厅</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">照容用具。圆钮,变形四叶钮座,座外方格有线条勾勒出流畅简单的图饰。八乳与博局纹区分的四方八极内,青龙、白虎、朱雀、玄武各占一方,羽人戏青龙,白虎配独角兽(羊),朱雀配禽鸟,玄武配瑞兽,边缘为一圈钮纹带,刻有铭</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;">文:“尚方作镜真大好,上有仙人不知老,渴饮玉泉饥食枣”。外区饰有两圈锯齿纹夹一周双线波浪纹。神兽间的“TL”线条所组成的纹饰,为博局纹,也称规矩纹。传说规与矩分别为伏羲与女娲把持,寓意世事都得有规矩。可见方寸之间,曲直线条蕴含的,其实有人们顺应自然,不违四时的生存智慧,也有古代中国社会始终秉持的“无规矩不成方圆”的真理哲言。</span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; line-height: 1.75em;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;"><br/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; text-indent: 2em;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20230307/1678152416533451.jpg" title="1667456751496156.jpg" alt="朱绘陶耳杯盘_副本.jpg"/></span></p><p style="white-space: normal; text-indent: 43px; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">朱绘陶耳杯盘,</span>现陈列于邳州市博物馆“长河流韵”展厅</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal; padding: 0px; border: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.75em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 宋体, SimSun; vertical-align: baseline;">泥质灰陶,盘为圆形,浅沿、平底,盘内置五个耳杯与一勺,耳杯椭圆形,弧腹,平底,两侧各有一耳,勺圆头,短柄</span><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 宋体, SimSun; vertical-align: baseline;">,盘,耳杯及内均绘朱砂。整套保存完好,制作规整。耳杯是古代的一种盛酒器具,因其两侧有耳,就像鸟的双翼,故又名“羽觞”。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal; padding: 0px; border: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.75em; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 宋体, SimSun; vertical-align: baseline;"><br/></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal; padding: 0px; border: 0px; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-numeric: inherit; 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