【邳博大课堂】二十四节气 · 霜降
2023-03-06 17:01:25
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<section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><img src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20230306/1678093319555908.jpg" title="1667353463355829.jpg" alt="霜降节气手绘中国风海报_副本.jpg"/></p></section></section><p></p><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">“霜降，九月中。气肃而凝，露结为霜。”10月23日，霜降悄然而至。霜降，是二十四节气中的第十八个节气，也是秋季的最后一个节气。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> 霜降节气以后，冷空气频繁南下，干冷气流赶走暖湿空气，气温骤降，昼夜温差进一步增大，晚上，地面温度有时降到零度以下。这些也是“霜”形成的必要条件。 其实“霜”并不是从天上降下来的，而是地面的水汽遇寒凝华而成。这个知识点，至少从汉代起，古人就知道了。东汉王充《论衡》：“云雾，雨之征也，夏则为露，冬则为霜，温则为雨，寒则为雪，雨露冻凝者，皆由地发，非从天降。” 俗话说“寒露不算冷，霜降变了天”，霜降节气意味着秋天即将结束，冬天很快就要来了。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">古人把霜降分为三候：“一候豺乃祭兽；二候草木黄落；三候蜇虫咸俯。”意思是说：霜降以后，豺这类动物开始大量捕获猎物，并把它们摆放整齐，就像在陈设祭品；草和树叶开始枯黄、凋落；昆虫等冬眠的动物也逐渐进入休眠状态。</p></section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section></section></section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 0em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">霜</strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">降习俗</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">赏菊、赏红叶</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">菊花盛开在秋季，是秋季的象征，故而九月又被称为菊月。同时，菊花也是“四君子”之一，赏菊对于修养身心来说颇有益处。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">“霜叶红于二月花”，通常霜降节气过后，枫树、黄栌树等在秋霜抚慰下，漫山遍野地变成红黄色，如火似锦，壮观之极。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">品霜柿、吃萝卜</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">柿子是霜降时节成熟的水果，或红或黄，迎风经霜后越发鲜亮，犹如一盏盏小灯挂在树上，妆点秋色，十分漂亮。我国是柿树的故乡，古人对柿树的评价很高，说它具有“七德”：“一寿、二多荫、三无鸟巢、四无虫、五霜叶可玩、六嘉实、七落叶肥大”。柿子营养丰富，甘甜可口，霜降正是食用的好时候，“当夏阴涵绿，临秋色变红。君看药草喻，何减太阳功。”</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">萝卜也在霜降时节进入收获季。萝卜在民间素有“小人参”的美称，食用方法也多种多样：“可生可熟，可菹可酱，可豉可醋，可糖可腊，可饭，乃蔬中之最有利益者。”“冬吃萝卜夏吃姜，不用医生开药方。”显示了萝卜的养生价值。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">登高远眺</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">金秋时节，天高云淡，气候宜人，正是户外活动的好时节，登高不仅可以陶冶情操，还可以增强体质。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">进补</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> “进补”是秋冬时节的饮食主题。老话说“补冬不如补霜降”，这时天气越发寒冷，各地多有“煲羊肉”“煲羊头”等习俗，通过进补强身健体。</p></section></section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> First Frost </p></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: left; text-indent: 0em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">诗词里的霜降</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">九日登李明府北楼</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">〔唐〕刘长卿</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">九日登高望，苍苍远树低。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">人烟湖草里，山翠县楼西。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">霜降鸿声切，秋深客思迷。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">无劳白衣酒，陶令自相携。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">岁 晚 </p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">〔唐〕白居易</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">霜降水返壑，风落木归山。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">冉冉岁将宴，物皆复本源。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">何此南迁客，五年独未还。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">命屯分已定，日久心弥安。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">亦尝心与口，静念私自言。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">去国固非乐，归乡未必欢。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">何须自生苦，舍易求其难。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">枫桥夜泊</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">〔唐〕张继</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">月落乌啼霜满天，江枫渔火对愁眠。姑苏城外寒山寺，夜半钟声到客船。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">咏廿四气诗 <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">· </strong>霜降九月中</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">〔唐〕元稹</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">风卷清云尽，空天万里霜。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">野豺先祭月，仙菊遇重阳。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">秋色悲疏木，鸿鸣忆故乡。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">谁知一樽酒，能使百秋亡。</p></section></section><section><section><section><section></section></section></section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> First Frost </p></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">文物里的霜降</strong></p></section></section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section><section><section><p style="text-align:center"><img class="raw-image" src="https://img.xiumi.us/xmi/ua/2EEIN/i/e02aca9580a0a1d47a4ef2314d5b6c61-sz_6728721.jpg?x-oss-process=style/xm"/></p></section></section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">汉铜卮，邳州市戴庄镇刘林遗址出土</p></section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">敞口，鼓腹，圆底圈足，一侧带鋬，保存完好。卮是一种酒器，相当于现在的酒杯，产生于战国末期，秦时杯卮并行使用，流行于汉代，用这种器物饮酒，表明持有者具有较高的身份和一定的财力。唐代著名诗人元稹有一首专门描写霜降节气的诗——《咏廿四气诗 · 霜降九月中》 ：风卷清云尽，空天万里霜。 野豺先祭月，仙菊遇重阳。 秋色悲疏木，鸿鸣忆故乡。 谁知一樽酒，能使百秋亡。 暮秋时节，大地一片萧索，容易令人产生忧愁、悲伤之感。但是又有什么是“一樽酒”解决不了的呢？</p></section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section><section><section><p style="text-align:center"><img class="raw-image" src="https://img.xiumi.us/xmi/ua/2EEIN/i/8ff68fdcc2d04235d8748c3a1d37c8be-sz_3665257.jpg?x-oss-process=image/resize,limit_1,m_lfit,w_1080/crop,h_479,w_800,x_162,y_297"/></p></section></section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">东汉狩猎图，邳州市八义集镇出土</p></section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">霜降后，树叶落尽，鸟兽不易躲藏，山泽路径也容易辨认。古人常在霜降后带着猎具和鹰犬，大举狩猎。这幅狩猎图分上下两层，上刻羽人戏凤图，图左上方刻一只鸟雀脚踏祥云，引颈回望，中间刻三只鸟雀，上下依次排列，右端刻一羽人戏凤，四周祥云缭绕；下层为狩猎图，左刻一人手架鱼鹰，右侧一人持矛刺穿一只野兔，另外一人左手持钩镶，右手将一只标枪掷向一猛兽，上方还刻有一只奔跑跳跃的猎犬。整幅画面动感极强，真实地再现了一千多年前东汉人的狩猎场景。</p></section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section><section><section><p style="text-align:center"><img class="raw-image" src="https://img.xiumi.us/xmi/ua/2EEIN/i/1609de20806a0a41587b9917bb1ea0d5-sz_7767564.jpg?x-oss-process=style/xm"/></p></section></section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">东汉庖厨图，邳州市占城镇出土</p></section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 2em; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">《说文·羊部》：“美，甘也。从羊从大。羊在六畜给膳也。美与善同意。”在汉代，民间也有“岁时伏腊，烹羊炰羔，斗酒自劳”的习俗。车辐山镇埠上村汉画像石墓中出土的这块“庖厨图”画像石，内容丰富，形象生动，可一窥汉代的食俗文化，也印证了邳州地区食羊肉的传统由来已久<span style="text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box;">。</span></p></section><section><section><section><section></section></section></section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"> First Frost </p></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><p style="text-align:center"><img class="raw-image" src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20230306/1678093320935448.jpg"/></p></section></section><section><section><p style="text-align:center"><img class="raw-image" src="/uploads/ueditor/image/20230306/1678093320966164.jpg"/></p></section></section><section><section><section><section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section></section></section></section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: center; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">First Frost</p></section></section><section><section><section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><br/></p></section></section></section></section><section><section><section></section></section></section></section><section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(171, 186, 206); box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">微信号｜</strong></span><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">邳州市博物馆</span></p></section></section></section><p></p><p><br/></p>
